Indonesian Caliphate
12. Science about aircraft

The Wright Brothers were two brothers, Orville Wright (19 August 1871 – 30 January 1948) and Wilbur Wright (16 April 1867 – 30 May 1912), it was generally credited with the design and design of the first effective aircraft, and made the first controlled flight using a heavier-than-air, motorized aircraft, together with the establishment of other milestones in the field of the aerospace era. The two brothers initially ran a store in Dayton, Ohio. The shop sells and repairs motorcycles. They began studying aviation problems in 1889. Then they started making three twin-winged gliders. The three were tested on the beach of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The third aircraft has been tested 1000 times and it was successful. Then they made a light motor engine. The engine was installed on his fourth aircraft, which he named the Wright Flyer.

At 10:35 am (10:35 PM) in the cold cloudy weather on December 17, 1903, The Wright Brothers flew for the first time a controlled airliner four miles away near the sand-hilly area of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. They watched as the Wright Flyer, piloted by Orville, flew for 12 seconds. Then the plane came down again after reaching 37 meters from the ground. The flight was the first aircraft flight in history. The aircraft was originally named Wright Flyer, but is now more popular under the name “Kitty Hawk”. The original Flyer aircraft is now located at the Air Museum in Washington DC, United States.

This heavier-than-air aircraft was first flown by the Wright Brothers (Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright) using a self-designed aircraft called the Flyer that was launched in 1903 around the world United States's. In addition to the Wright brothers, noted several other inventors who invented aircraft, among others Samuel F Cody who carried out his action in the field of Farnborough, England in 1910. As for the lighter-than-air aircraft had already flown long before. The first hot air balloon flight by Frenchman Joseph Montgolfier and Etiene Montgolfier was made in 1782, the German Ferdinand von Zeppelin modified a cigar-shaped balloon used to carry passengers and goods in 1900. In the following year, Zeppelin balloons carried airlifts until the Zeppelin disaster on a transatlantic voyage in New Jersey in 1936, which marked the end of the Zeppelin era, although it was still in service in the lead-up to World War II. After the Wright era, many aircraft underwent modifications both of the design of the building, and, larger commercial aircraft were made in 1949 named Bristol Brabazon.Until now the largest passenger aircraft in the world was made by airbus industrie from Europe by aircraft A380S.

In the United States, the first airplane flight was conducted by the Wright brothers in 1903. They designed their own aircraft. This plane is enough for one person.

In England, an inventor named Samuel F. Cody made a successful flight in 1910. At that time, the shape of the aircraft that was created was still very simple. Not as much as it can be enjoyed at the moment.

After World War I, the period of civil aviation began to grow and develop rapidly. Eventually many aircraft were produced for civilian transport. In addition, began also the emergence of airlines in Europe and America.

As the times progressed, the shape and engine of aircraft began to be refined. This is done to meet the needs of air transportation. In 1949, a commercial aircraft was built. This plane is larger than the previous planes.

Airplanes are complex systems. At the design stage and in flight and maintenance manuals (used by pilot and maintenance technicians) it is divided into simple systems that carry out their respective functions.

Here are some of the systems in an aircraft:

Electrical System

Hydraulic systems

Navigation systems

The flight control system

Ice protection (antiicing and deicing) system

Cooling systems

An aircraft is a heavier-than-air, fixed-wing aircraft, and can fly on its own power. In general, the term aircraft is often also referred to as an aircraft or aircraft or simply an aircraft with the same purpose of defining as a vehicle capable of flying in the atmosphere or air. But in the world of aviation, the term aircraft is different from aircraft, the term aircraft is much broader understanding because it has included aircraft and helicopters.

There are two classifications of aircraft. First, the aircraft is heavier than air (aerodine). Aircraft of this type, namely autogyro, helicopter, and fixed-wing aircraft. Second, aircraft that are lighter than air (aerostat). Aircraft included in this type include airships.

Experimental aircraft

This aircraft is an aircraft that is undergoing testing. This type of aircraft generally has a slightly different and special shape. New concept and design. In addition, this aircraft has not been used en masse.

This type of aircraft is an aircraft that serves to carry passengers. Civilian passenger aircraft have different capacities.

Transport aircraft

This aircraft serves to transport goods and transport various types of commodities. These aircraft are often also called cargo planes. Generally, a cargo plane is a modified passenger aircraft. But, there are also aircraft that are specifically made for the transportation of goods, such as Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter aircraft.

Transport aircraft are usually used by civilians and the military. Both have their own fleet. The military usually uses these aircraft to transport war vehicles, weapons, and soldiers.

Military aircraft

Military aircraft are aircraft that function for various military purposes. The type also varies.

Fighter

This aircraft is designed to carry out attacks. The target of the attack is usually the enemy aircraft. The character of this aircraft is agile and fast.

Combat training aircraft

This aircraft is used for training by prospective pilots, both civilian and military. The aircraft was designed to be unarmed. This aircraft has two seats, the pilot and the co-pilot.

Diamond plane

This aircraft serves to spy on opponents and collect intelligence data.

Airplanes have special fuel, but investigators have a search of aircraft using two types of fuel, namely Avgas and aviation kerosine. Like cars, airplanes need fuel. The energy released is used to boost the piston and turbine so that the vehicle can go. If the piston-engined aircraft uses aviation gasoline aka avgas, while the aircraft with turbine engines uses aviation kerosine.

The difference between the two types of fuel turns out to exist in the nature of the boiling point. Avgas is actually a mixture of kerosene with liquid hydrocarbons ranging from 32-220 Celsius. While kerosine aviation is higher, which is between 144-252 Celsius.

This distinction at least appears as a standard requirement because the metal combustion chamber of the engine has a diverse tolerance to heat from combustion. Piston engines, as well as the pacemaker of the early generation, are much more vulnerable than turbine engines made of the latest types of metal. That's because, the engine of the DC-3 Dakota aircraft that although still flying, for example, still can not move from avgas.

So, if long-haul flights want to be shortened, airplanes can no longer depend on piston engines. The solution is inevitably with turbine engines (turbojets, turbofans, or turboshaft), which ultimately demand other types of fuel that are more energized. It was aviation kerosine.

However, in line with the increasingly sophisticated turbine engine itself, aviation kerosine underwent several overhauls. The first type, the Jet A, for example, is only suitable for early-generation jet engines with a still-simple engine structure.

However, what is okay, avgas is getting outdated because it is not able to drive the plane through the subsonic speed limit. Similar to the dispute between home cars and race cars, the latter certainly needs special fuel that is able to cause higher heat.