Indonesian Caliphate
18. Development of Warships in the world (Besides Indonesia).

The Ironclad Warship

The ship said to be included in the ironclad warship is the French-made La Glorie, although La Glorie has not fully used the iron hull. The hull is still wooden but coated with metal to withstand enemy fire. The first true Ironclad type was the HMS Warrior launched in England in 1860. This ship is the pride of Queen Victoria.

The next development in 1876 for the first time, France launched Redoutable, which was then offset by England. As not to be outdone by the British, the French then launched a new type of battleship with steel construction used to protect the hull while making this ship the most superion in terms of defense. Redoutable entered the shipyard in 1873 and steel construction work was carried out by Siemens and completed in 1876. The British initially used steel construction by Siemens, but it was later replaced by steel invented by Henry Bassemer. Work on the British steel frigate began in 1875 on the ships HMS Irish and HMS Mercury in 1876. In subsequent developments, the competition of steel-constructed warships was colored by competition between England and Germany. While the United States engaged Britain and independent research in its warship designs, the Russian Empire adopted many French designs combined with German-made cannons. Meanwhile, in the Asia Pacific region emerged the Japanese Empire which modernized its navy with ships that mostly refers to the concept of the British Navy.

In the United States, the development of iron battleships was also decisive in the American Civil War, where in 1862 there was a battle between the Monitor of the Union (North) and Merrimack of the Confederacy (South). Both were hit by bullets but did not sink. Since then the development of warships and weaponry has grown rapidly and various research has emerged in it. Technological Developments in the field of Radio, Electricity, and Telegraph and Machine also color the development of warships afterwards. However, until the Battle of the Tsushima Sea between Russia and Japan in 1905, technological developments had not been tested in actual combat.

For the record, during World War II, especially in pacific mandalas, the United States uses many aircraft carriers that use runway construction with teak wood. This does provide its own advantages, especially to suppress the weight of the ship, increase speed and agility while also not too hot when sailing in the ocean. Unlike the British who use steel construction on the foundation. The weakness is that this ship is easily destroyed and burned when an attack occurs, especially at the time of the Japanese action Kamikaze by crashing his aircraft into the United States ships, especially aircraft carriers that caused severe damage and many casualties among the soldiers and sailors of the United States. While the British fleet also suffered the same attack, it did not suffer significant damage so it was easy to repair during operation. So the liaison officer of the United States Navy in the British fleet commented that when the United States ship was hit by a kamikaze attack, enough to mess things up, then in the British fleet, the commander was quite ordered

"sweeper, use your broom" to fix it.

Steam Machine

The development of ship construction that eventually uses iron is inseparable from the development of the use of steam engines on ships. Le Napoleon is a warship or battleship that uses a steam engine. It was launched in 1850 and is considered a true steam-powered warship. The British, who did not want to lose to the French, launched the ship Agamemnon which was built in 1840 and used in 1853.

At first, the use of steam engines was carried out for small ships such as ships operating in rivers. While for large ships still combined with sails as was done on the British warship, HMS Ajax in 1846. Distrust of the steam engines continued to appear on warships until the naval battle of Tsushima and the launch of the HMS Dreadnought where warships used sail masts when coal fuel ran out.

Features of Warships Before Pre-Dreadnought

At that time, the use of smaller cannon was to counter the threat of torpedo boat destroyer or commonly known as a destroyer, assuming also can destroy the torpedo opponent. Large cannons were used for bombardment. At that time, whether a cannon can hit a target with a punch or not depends entirely on the expertise of the cannon crew.

Another feature on this ship is still the use of sail poles despite using a steam engine. This sail pole is used when the time of coal or even firewood runs out

After the Battle of Tsushima between the Japanese Navy and Russia which was won by Japan in 1905, it was realized that second and third level cannon were often considered a burden rather than supporting the duties of the carrier because it turned out that the addition of small size cannon was a deviation from the tradition of the role of warships to carry as much maybe a big gun with a big firepower.

Dreadnought Post

The Post Dreadnought warship was a generation warship after HMS Dreadnought launched by the British around 1906. He made HMS Dreadnought as a benchmark because at that time the ship reflected changes in the design, configuration of weapons and others that were different in the previous ship's time. The ship's design was based on the Battle of Tsushima in 1905 between the Russian Empire and the Japanese Empire which resulted in the defeat of Russia and the decline of the Russian Empire, especially in the control of naval power. At the time of the battle, long-range battles were fought between warships.

After the Battle of Tsushima between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Russia which was won by Japan in 1905, it was realized that second and third level cannon were often considered a burden rather than supporting the duties of the carrier because it turned out that the addition of small size cannon was a deviation from the tradition of the role of warships to carry as much maybe a big gun with a big firepower.

The HMS Dreadnought Warship

The 18,110-tonne warship was built at the Portsmouth shipyard in England for four months from October 1905 to February 1906. This warship powered by a steam engine has a maximum speed of 21 knots, faster than most warships at that time with a maximum speed of 18 knots. It has ten cannons of 12 inches or 300 mm caliber. Previously, the battleship was only armed with one battery with four smaller caliber cannons.

HMS Dreadnought served as the flagship of the British fleet between 1907 and 1912. It was operated by the 4th Fighter Squadron in the North Sea during World War I. On March 18, 1915, it destroyed the German submarine U-29. As of May 1916, this ship was used by the 3rd Combat Squadron as well as a flag ship. In 1919 this ship was later included in the reserve service and in 1922, this ship was sold and used as scrap iron (in-scrap).