Indonesian Caliphate
19. World War I
Early
World War I (PDI) was a centralized global war in Europe that began on July 28, 1914 until November 11, 1918. This war is often called the World War or the Great War since it occurred until the start of World War II in 1939, and the First World War or World War I after that. The war involved all the major powers of the world, which were divided into two opposing alliances, the Allies (based on the Triple Entente consisting of Great Britain, France, and France, and Russia) and the Central Powers (centered on the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; however, when Austria-Hungary made the offensive while the alliance was defensive in nature, it was not, Italy is not at war). These two alliances reorganized (Italy was on the Allied side) and expanded as many countries took part in the war. More than 70 million military troops, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million soldiers were killed, mainly due to technological advances that increased the lethal level of a weapon without considering improvements in protection or mobility. World War I was the sixth deadliest conflict in world history, thus paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in several countries involved such as the Ottoman Turks who sided with the Axis or Axis so that it was removed from the Party Of Asian Nation (PAN) and re-entered after the Republic of Turkey.
The series of events:
The war begins and ends:
28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 (A truce) Treaty of Versailles signed 28 June 1919 (4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks). The German Empire was dissolved.
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919. The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine was signed on 27 November 1919. The Treaty of Trianon was signed on 4 June 1920. The Treaty of Sevres was signed on 10 August 1920.
Location of Battle:
Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, China, and off the coasts of South and North America.
Allied victory
The end of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires.
The creation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East.
Cession of German colonies and territories of the former Ottoman Empire to other countries Establishment of the League of Nations.
The long-term causes of the war included the imperialist foreign policy of the major European powers, including the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, the French Republic, and Italy. The June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Yugoslav nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the originator of this war. The assassination led to the Habsburg ultimatum against the Kingdom of Serbia.[10][11] A number of alliances formed over the previous decades were shaken, so that within a matter of weeks all the great powers were engaged in war; through their colonies, this conflict soon spread throughout the world.
On 28 July, the conflict opened with Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, [12][13] followed by German invasions of Belgium, Luxembourg, and France; and Russian incursions into Germany. After the German march in Paris faltered, the Western Front engaged in a battle of static attrition with trench lines that changed the atmosphere slightly until 1917. In the East, the Russian army defeated the Ottoman forces, but was forced to withdraw from East Prussia and Poland by the German army.
Other fronts were opened after the Ottoman Empire took part in the wars of 1914, Italy and Bulgaria in 1915, and Romania in 1916. The Russian Empire collapsed in March 1917, and Russia withdrew from the war after the October Revolution later that year.
Germany, troubled by the revolution at the time, agreed to a ceasefire on November 11, 1918, which would become known as Armistice Day. The war ended in victory on the Allied side.
The events on the British front were as chaotic as the front, as the parties involved sought to mobilize their human and economic resources to wage a total war. At the end of the war, four great imperial powers—German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires—bubar.
The successor states of the first two empires had lost a great deal of territory, while the last two had completely disbanded. Central Europe is divided into several smaller countries.
The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing this kind of conflict. European nationalism, which arose as a result of war and the dissolution of the empire, the effects of the German defeat and problems with the Treaty of Versailles, is believed to have been a factor in the outbreak of World War II.
Background
In the 19th century, the great powers of Europe worked hard to maintain the balance of power throughout Europe, so that in 1900 gave rise to a complex network of political and military alliances on the continent.
It began in 1815 with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Then, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated a League of Three Emperors (German: Dreikaiserbund) between the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and German monarchies.
The treaty failed because Austria-Hungary and Russia disagreed on Balkan policy, leaving Germany and Austria-Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879 called the Alliance of Two. This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken. In 1882, the alliance expanded into Italy and became the Triple Alliance.
After 1870, European conflicts were spared through a carefully planned network of treaties between the German Empire and the rest of Europe designed by Bismarck. He sought to keep Russia on the German side to avoid a two-front war with France and Russia. When Wilhelm II ascended the throne as German Emperor (Kaiser), Bismarck was forced to retire and his alliance system was slowly phased out.
For example, the Kaiser refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890. Two years later, the Franco-Russian Alliance was signed against the forces of the Triple Alliance. In 1904, the United Kingdom signed a series of treaties with France, the Cordiale Entente, and in 1907, the United Kingdom and Russia signed the Anglo-Russian Convention.
Although these treaties did not formally associate the United Kingdom with France or Russia, they allowed Britain into any conflict that would later involve France and Russia, and this system of bilateral treaty lockdown came to be known as the Triple Entente.
German industrial and economic power grew rapidly after the unification and establishment of the Empire in 1871. From the mid-1890s onward, Wilhelm II's government used this industrial base to draw on vast economic resources to build the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy), it was formed by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, to rival the Royal Navy for world naval supremacy.
As a result, each country is trying to defeat other countries in terms of capital ships. With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906, the British Empire expanded its advantage over its German rival.
The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended across Europe, with all major powers utilizing their industrial bases to produce the equipment and weapons necessary for the PAN-European conflict.